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Magic or sorcery is the use of rituals, symbols, actions, gestures and language that are believed to exploit supernatural forces.〔S.J. Tambiah, "Magic, Science and the Scope of Rationality", pp 6-7.〕〔W.J. Hanegraaff, "Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism", p718.〕〔Mauss, Marcel (1972) ''A General Theory of Magic'' (R. Brain, Trans.). New York: Norton Library. (Original work published 1903). p. 24〕 Modern Western magicians generally state magic's primary purpose to be personal spiritual growth.〔Cicero, Chic & Sandra Tabatha () ''The Essential Golden Dawn: An Introduction to High Magic''. pp. 87–9. Regardie, Israel (2001) ''The Tree of Life: An Illustrated Study of Magic'', St. Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn, p. 17. Crowley, Aleister ''Magic Without Tears'' Ch. 83.〕 The belief in and the practice of magic has been present since the earliest human cultures and continues to have an important spiritual, religious, and medicinal role in many cultures in present times.〔Bengt Ankarloo & Stuart Clark, Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Biblical and Pagan Societies", University of Philadelphia Press, 2001〕〔Bengt Ankarloo & Stuart Clark, Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Biblical and Pagan Societies", University of Philadelphia Press, 2001, p xiii〕 Magic is sometimes practiced in isolation and secrecy and often viewed with suspicion by the wider community.〔 In non-scientific societies, perceived magical attack is sometimes employed to explain personal or societal misfortune. The concept of magic, as distinct from religion was first widely recognized in Judaism, which defined the practices of pagan worship designed to appease and receive benefits from gods other than Yahweh as magic〔 (Wouter Hanegraaff argues that magic is in fact "a largely polemical concept that has been used by various religious interest groups either to describe their own religious beliefs and practices or – more frequently – to discredit those of others."〔) The foremost perspectives on magic in anthropology are functionalism, symbolism, and intellectualism. The term "magical thinking" in anthropology, psychology, and cognitive science refers to causal reasoning often involving associative thinking, such as the perceived ability of the mind to affect the physical world (see the philosophical problem of mental causation) or correlation mistaken for materialist causation. Psychological theories consider magic a personal phenomenon intended to meet individual needs as opposed to a social phenomenon serving a collective purpose. The belief that one can influence supernatural powers, by prayer, sacrifice or invocation dates back to prehistoric religions and it can be found in early records such as the Egyptian pyramid texts and the Indian Vedas.〔magic in ancient India (page 51).〕 Magic and religion are categories of beliefs and systems of knowledge used within societies. Some forms of shamanic contact with the spirit world seem to be nearly universal in the early development of human communities. They appear in various tribal peoples from Aboriginal Australia and Māori people of New Zealand to the Amazon, African savannah, and pagan Europe. In general, the 20th century saw a sharp rise in public interest in various forms of magical practice and the foundation of traditions and organizations that can be regarded as religious or philosophies. ==Common features of magical practice== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Magic (paranormal)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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